Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Management - Essay Example The small company is usually faced by struggling financially that is the company that is acquired usually financial problems. The large company acquires the all the stock of the smaller company and makes become component of their business, that is, the smaller company usually ends up changing its and adopts the name of the large company. In most cases acquisition are usually friendly, where two parties enter into an agreement but sometimes it involves hostile takeover. For example if the board of directors accept the tender offer. Many scholars have postulated a number of different types of mergers and acquisitions in an effort of delineate the increasing trend of strategic alliances observed in the business world. Nevertheless, there are three main types of mergers and acquisitions which are based on the structure perspective. The main three types of mergers and acquisitions include; Vertical merger refers to a situation where two firms which is in the same industry but in different levels of production combine together to form one firm. For example, a shoe manufacturing company mergers with a shoe retailing company. In this case, the combination motive is to control the supply and distribution channel (Vachon, 2011). A horizontal merger is where two companies which are in the same level of production combines. ... The two companies are unrelated in terms of their operation and production (Carney, 2009). For example, a shoe manufacturing companies, mergers with a road constructing company. In this case the two companies are not related but their unification can only be viewed as diversification strategy (Pablo, Javidan, & Society). A G BARR is company in the food processing sector, producing flavored juices and beverages. Over the past few years the company has experienced increase demand in its product. Therefore, due to the increased demand in the product and the increase in the level of competition in the sector there is need to acquire a firm in the in the food processing sector so as to enhance economic efficiency and scope. After preliminary analysis a horizontal merger was essential where NICHOLS was ascertained as a potential target company. After a careful analysis of Nichols financial stability and the market it was ascertained that a merger was not essential but an acquisition of the company was sufficient. In order, to make the acquisition process successful and also to avoid failures that has hampered many merger and acquisition deals a well constructed plan to acquire shares was formulated together with a study of the financial performance of the company was carried out. The company would acquire the entire share in Nichols. AG BARR goal is to expand its market share in order to satisfy the need of customer as well as venture in to new markets. Nichols was the most suitable company to take over based on its financial health the company performance has not recorded major significant improvements the company has an annual turnover of

Intertextual Relations Between Pride and Prejudice and Bridget Jones Diary Essay Example for Free

Intertextual Relations Between Pride and Prejudice and Bridget Jones Diary Essay Each text is not the effort of one person; theme and plot derived from existing texts are present in newer texts through repetition and similarity. Authors compile from pre-existing texts known as intertextuality, the use of prior texts in current texts. Julia Kristeva, a psychoanalyst is the first to introduce the term ‘intertextuality’. She redefines the theories established by Ferdinand de Saussure and Mikhail Bakhtin and suggests a text is not simply interpreted by its words, instead it is a study based on the works it has adapted (lecture). Kristeva mentions that although a writer usually talks to a specific audience, a text exists in time, and it is reprinted and translated with addressing the language of the current time period known as parole and langue. The novel Pride and Prejudice was first published in 1813, but another novel based on the same plot called Bridget Jones Diary, a modern version of Pride and Prejudice was published in 1996. Every text is the absorption and transformation of another, with similar themes and conditions considering the lifestyle in that time period, known as a mimetic orientation. Intertextuality, the relationship to other prior texts is present among Pride and Prejudice, Bridget Jones Diary, and A Dog’s Head through the overarching similarity of characters, value of class and synchronic language. The common element of character development is interacting between Pride and Prejudice, Bridget Jones Diary, and A Dog’s Head. During the 1800’s, the value of high culture and wealth was outstandingly important to the people of that decade. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a plot consisting of high culture, and is strongly referenced in connection to Helen Fielding’s Bridget Jones Diary. Fielding’s borrows the plot from Austen and also has some of the same characters and events in her novel. The character of Elizabeth Bennett and Bridget Jones is similarly constructed with the hardships and love crisis they suffer from. First of all, both protagonists fall in love with a man whose last name is Darcy. Both Mr. Darcy are respected and wealthy men. Furthermore, both protagonists share similar feelings, for example, at the ball event Elizabeth is hurt to hear that Mr. Darcy thinks of her to be â€Å"‘tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt’† him (Austen 13). Similarly, Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice hurts Bridget by saying she is ill mannered and does not know how to talk (45). At this time both the protagonists dislike both Mr. Darcy and have severe hatred for him. Secondly, Mr. Wickam in Pride and Prejudice is the same as Daniel Cleaver in Bridget Jones Diary. Both Mr. Wickam and Daniel Cleaver are despised by Mr. Darcy but admired by the heroine at first. Bridget’s mother is a bit like Mrs. Bennett, as they both insist their daughters get married to wealthy men. Bridget believes she is unattractive because she is fat. When things do not work out with Daniel Cleaver, she questions, â€Å"Why does nothing ever work out? It is because I am too fat† (Fielding 181). Bridget is unhappy about her appearance all the time, which is similar to the character of Edmond in A Dog’s Head. The novel A Dog’s Head introduces the unrealistic character of Edmond who is born with the head of a dog, a spaniel in particular. Ovid establishes the theory of metamorphosis emphasizing the transformation of a human to an animal feature in his poem â€Å"metamorphosis†. This theory is present in A Dog’s Head as Edmond is a human but has a dog’s head. Edmond is always troubled in life because people criticize him for having the head of a dog, and to add to that, â€Å"the head of the most ridiculous dog to be found (2). He has a series of unsuccessful relationships, for which he blames his appearance to be the reason, somewhat like Bridget who also blames her weight for her breakup with Daniel. Although the author does not provide a description of Bridget, we know a bit about her through the writings in her diary. Bridget’s negative image of herself results in a lower self-esteem, as well as Edmond who also has a low self-esteem when he remembers he has the head of a spaniel. At one point, losing his virginity to a prostitute becomes hard because no one wants to sleep with an animal (125). His personal relations with his parents are negative from the day he is born. His parents are happier to be alone so his dad gives him money, â€Å"Edmond stuffed the notes into his pocket, kissed his papa and mama and went away, never to return† (47). This further notifies us that although there are minor matches from Edmond’s personality with Elizabeth and Bridget, there is a similarity between the characters through physical appearance and their lives. The theme of class relates to reputation, the value of money being an ever-long requirement in society. People have been classified into hierarchical sectors according to their financial circumstances. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennett’s mother Mrs. Bennett is astonished at the fact that Mr. Bingley is a wealthy and handsome young man visiting their town. She immediately informs her husband and desires one of her daughters marry him. Mrs. Bennett is portrayed as a shallow and self-centered woman as she constantly persists her daughters marry the richest men. This is evident when Elizabeth announces her engagement to Mr. Darcy and Mrs. Bennett replies â€Å"Mr. Darcy! Who would have thought it†¦Oh! My sweetest Lizzy! How rich and great you will be! What pin-money, what jewels, what carriages you will have! † (Austen 357). Similarly, in Bridget Jones Diary, Bridget’s mother introduces her to a recently divorced, wealthy man. Bridget is certain on her mother’s motives and she claims, â€Å"I don’t know why she didn’t just come out with it and say ‘Darling, do shag Mark Darcy over the turkey curry, won’t you? He’s very rich. † (Fielding 12). Comparatively, Edmond from A Dog’s Head lives in a shallow society, where money can overpower anything, even a man with a dog’s head. Edmond invests some money in the stock market and realizes it is more valuable than anything. â€Å"Wealth brought Edmond great enjoyment. First, it canceled out his head. [ ] Oh, the sublime effect of bank notes! Overnight that hideous or ridiculous object became just anybodys head. † (85) He makes a lot of money and realizes that money has always been there and supported him more than anything else. A hierarchy of social classes has created the boundaries between families and people historically. The importance of class depicts a social value and worth in society. Lower class people are treated as inferiors while upper class people gain more respect and value. As evident in A Dog’s Head, Edmond is treated better when he has more money and class, and Mrs. Bennett and Mrs. Jones want their daughters to be married to rich men. The language and text of Pride and Prejudice is a lot different from Bridget Jones Diary and A Dog’s Head. In order to understand â€Å"one text as an intertextual representation of another† (Salber) the individual composition of values and attitudes needs to be understood in different contexts. With this said, Pride and Prejudice is a realist text composed in the nineteenth century. What is happening in the real world at the time the author writes the text is incorporated into the text, known as mimetic orientation. The author associates a mimetic version of the reality of everyday life set in the Regency period of England, a time when â€Å"power and marriage within one’s own class was essential† (Salber). The novel Pride and Prejudice also reveals â€Å"aspects of gender, class, identity and marriage as political institution† s a presentation of English history (Art). Language as it exists at any moment of time is referred to as the synchronic system of language (lecture 4). The power of language, synchronically applied suggests that the language in Pride and Prejudice slightly differs from the 20th century language used in Bridget Jones Diary. For example, the word ‘simpleton’ used in Austen’s novel indicates the life of a simple, unmarried girl, whereas in Fielding’s novel, the word ‘singleton’ is used to categorize the career oriented women in search for a perfect male companion. This supports Kristeva’s statement that â€Å"language is read as at least double†, and that the structures of language exist within a certain time period (Salber). As mentioned earlier, Bridget Jones Diary is a modification of Pride and Prejudice and is a more modern approach to the same story. The means of communication are different; for example, Daniel Cleaver and Bridget initiate romance through computer messaging, whereas in Pride and Prejudice communication took the form of letters. The langue, a language viewed as an abstract system used by speech community, is different for every person. In Pride and Prejudice the vocabulary Austen uses is archaic and demonstrates the time period in which it was written. For example, a conversation between Elizabeth and Mrs. Gardiner,â€Å"It was first broken by Mrs. Annesley, a genteel, agreeable looking woman† (Austen 226). The word ‘genteel’ may not be used in today’s novels and speech and represents its time period. Likewise, the words ‘singleton’, ‘smug marrieds† and ‘emotional fuckwittage’ became a part of the British popular culture when used in Bridget Jones Diary. The plot of Pride and Prejudice is the same as Bridget Jones Diary since Bridget Jones Diary is a modification of Pride and Prejudice and is a more modern approach to the same story. The female protagonists both worry about the relationships in their lives. The plot begins with the life of the female protagonists, and continues to their developing lives as the plot moves on. Both Pride and Prejudice and Bridget Jones Diary are the same story, where the first event, the ball in Pride and Prejudice is held with the attempt to find a suitor for Mr.  Bingley who is a young and wealthy man, and similarly a Christmas party is held by Bridget’s mother to introduce Bridget to Mr. Darcy. The events that occur further on in the texts lead to the same conclusion in both novels. The value of class and reputation is an overarching theme similarly applied in the three novels proving money has the value to make anyone happy. Lastly, the use of language and difference in word choice is what makes the novels acceptable in their time periods. These intertextual relations combine the three novels with many similarities.

Taj Mahal :: essays research papers

â€Å"Taj Mahal†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think a gigantic funerary mosque of white marble, built in Agra by order of the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, the Taj Mahal is the most perfect jewel of Moslem art in India and is one of the universally admired architectures of the world’s heritage. Not only see the beautiful Taj Mahal from the video, I also knew the history of itself and its country. A white marble tomb sums up many of the formal themes that have played through Islamic architecture. The video did talk a lot of how much Shah Jahan himself and his father loved art and made many gorgeous artworks. Taj Mahal’s refined style is a conspicuous contrast to the Hindu architecture of pre-Islamic India, with its thick walls, arches, and heavy supports. Even though Taj Mahal is the symbol of grief and sadness, it still has it beauty looks from marble and sand stone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taj Mahal stands in a formally laid-out walled garden; I think these trees and flowers made Taj Mahal even more beautiful and gave it a look of peacefulness. White marble and red sandstone are great materials to be used for symbol of eternal love. Everything seems to be in balance of itself. I think a long pool in front of Taj Mal does give many explanations or meaning of Taj Mahal. I think reflecting of Taj Mal in the long pool tells us that Shan Jahan would only love his wife, like the reflection that will only give the image of Taj Mahal, not anything else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lines, mostly curved, are in great harmony details. The color from both outside and inside could be changed as the light from the sun moves. The flowers and Koran written on the walls and the gate give people who visiting wondering of what is that means. As the visitors walked pass each area, I think they would imagine of what each areas mean from the story of Taj Mahal. From the video, I think some sights of Taj Mahal create sorrowing sights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think this architecture is beautiful artwork. I consider Taj Mahal as art because it combines many forms of art in one.

Plutarchs Aims and Achievements as a Biographer Essay -- English Lite

A critical study of a significant aspect or aspects of Plutarch's aims and achievements as a biographer -To what extent does Plutarch achieve his aims for the lives of Marius and Caesar? We are able to establish Plutarch's aims in creating his biographies by looking at his background and influences. Plutarch was born in Greece to a wealthy established family. He was well educated, studying rhetoric in Athens, and then travelled to Rome where he established connections with some important political figures. Despite being an outsider (a Greek), Plutarch accepted Roman aristocratic tradition as well as the moralising of some key Roman figures. This is reflected in the 'Lives' which in effect provide moral guidelines, prescribing how one should live a virtuous life. He viewed himself as an artist or moraliser rather than a historian, believing, "It is not so much history that we are writing but lives."[1] Plutarch was deeply into the platonic approach to ethics, and therefore was also influenced by Socrates. Plato was a pupil of Socrates who claimed that the most important thing in life was to know how one should live; an emphasis on moral conduct was therefore passed down to Plutarch. He is fascinated not only by great deeds and battles but, "often a little matter, like a saying or a joke,"[2] which can be more revealing in terms of character and virtue. Plato's philosophy was about the search for absolute standards of truth and moral certainty and almost all of his works are about ethics, or moral philosophy. His aim was therefore to create a, "revelation of virtue or vice,"[3] intending to "shape the life of each man"[4] in terms of moral not financial or political stature, and hopes the reader gains... ...against him but achieved less (although still a few) of his aims in the 'Life of Caesar'. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Republic, Alexander, 1.1-3, Penguin [2] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3, [3] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3, [4] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3, [5] Russell, p105 [6] Russell, Plutarch quote, p80 [7] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3 [8] Plutarch, Marius [3] [9] Plutarch, Marius [7] [10] Plutarch, Marius [9] [11] Plutarch, Marius [2,5] [12] Plutarch, Marius [10] [13] Plutarch, Marius [45] [14] Plutarch, Marius [46] [15] Plutarch, Marius [7] [16] Plutarch, Marius notes by Robin Seager [17] Plutarch, Alexander, 1.1-3 [18] Plutarch, Marius [6] [19] Plutarch, Marius [46] [20] Plutarch, Caesar [1] [21] Cicero [22] Plutarch, Caesar [69]

Advanced Data Structure Project

CSCI4117 Advanced Data Structure Project Proposal Yejia Tong/B00537881 2012. 11. 5 1. Title of Project Succinct data structure in top-k documents retrieval 2. Objective of Research The main aim of this project is to discover how to efficiently find the k documents where a given pattern occurs most frequently. While the problem has been discussed in many papers and solved in various ways, our research is to look for the novel algorithms and (succinct) data structures among lately related materials and find the one dominating almost all the space/time tradeoff. 3.Background/History of the Study Before we beigin our aim to find a such a succinct data structure, there are a number of fundamental works in our approach. There exist two main among many ideas in classic information retrieval: inverted index and term frequency. (Angelos, Giannis, Epimeneidis, Euripides, & Evangelos, 2005) The inverted index is a also referred to as postings file, which is an index dara structure storing a map ping from content. It is the most utilized data structure in the Information Retrieval domain, used on a large scale for example in search engines.Term frequency is a measure of how often a term is found in a collection of documents. However, there are restricted assumptions for the efficiency of the ideas: the text must be easily tokenized into words, there must not be too many different words, and queries must be whole words or phrases, causing lots of difficulty in the document retrieval via various languages. Moreover, one of the attractive properties of an inverted file is that it is easily compressible while still supporting fast queries. In practice, an inverted file occupies space close to that if a compressed document collection. Niko & Veli, 2007) In further development, people find efficient data structures such as suffix arrays and suffix trees (full-text indexes) providing good space/time efficiency to inverted files. Recently, several compressed full-text indexes have been proposed and show effective in practice as well. A generalized suffix tree is a suffix tree for a set of strings. Given the set of strings D = S(1), S(2), †¦ S(n) of total length n, it is a Patricia tree containing all n suffixes of the strings. It can be built in time and space, and can be used to find all k occurrences of a string P of length m in   time. Bieganski, 1994) Then, we now get close to our original motivation – the Document Retrieval. Matias et al. gave the first efficient solution to the Document Listing problem; with O(n) time preprocessing of a collection D of document s d(1), d(2), †¦ d(k) of total length Sum[d(i)] = n, they could answer the document listing query on a pattern P of length m in time. (Y. , S. , S. , & J. , 1998) The algorithm uses a generalized suffix tree augmented with extra edges making it a directed acyclic graph.However, it requires bits, which is significantly more than the collection size. Later on, Niko V. and Veli M. in their paper present an alternative space-efficient variant of Muthukrishnan’s structure that takes bits, with optimal time. (Niko & Veli, 2007) Based on the background study, we finally move advance to our intensive topic – Succinct data structure in top-k documents retrieval. 4. Research to the Study According to the background study above, the suffix tree is used to minimize the space consumption.In the suffix tree document model, a document is considered as a string consisting of words, not characters. During constructing the suffix tree, each suffix of a document is compared to all suffixes which exist in the tree already to find out a position for inserting it. Hon W. K. , Shah R. and Wu S. B. introduced the first efficient solution for the top-k document retrieval. (Hon, Shah, & Wu, 2009) In order to get rid of too many noisy factors in the large collection, the algorithm adds a minimum term frequency as one of the parameters for highly relevant pattern P. Ho n, Shah, & Wu, 2009) Furthermore, they also developed the f-mine problem for the high relevancy, that only documents which have more than f occurrences of the pattern need to be retrieved. The notion of relevance here is simply the term frequency. In the later study, Hon W. K. , Shah R. and Wu S. B. achieved the study of â€Å"Efficient Index for Retrieving Top-k Most Frequent Documents† by driving the solution derived from related problem by Muthukrishnan (Y. , S. , S. , & J. , 1998), answering queries in time and taking space.The approach is based on a new use of the suffix tree called induced generalized suffix tree (IGST). (Hon, Shah, & Wu, 2009) The practicality of the proposed index is validated by the experimental results. 5. Future Works Since all the fundamental works are settled, our futuer analysis of the â€Å"Succinct data structure in top-k documents retrieval† is mainly based on the most recently accomplishment by Gonzalo N. and Daniel V. (Gonzalo & Dani el, 2012) , a New Top-k Algorithm dominating almost all the space/time tradeoff. . References Bibliography Angelos, H. , Giannis, V. , Epimeneidis, V. , Euripides, P. G. , & Evangelos, M. (2005). Information Retrieval by Semantic Similarity. Dalhousie University, Faculty of Computer Science. Halifax: None. Bieganski, P. (1994). Generalized suffix trees for biological sequence data: applications and implementation. Minnesota University, Dept. of Comput. Sci. Minneapolis: None. Gonzalo, N. , & Daniel, V. (2012). Space-Efficient Top-k Document Retrieval. Univ. of Chile, Dept. f Computer Science. Valdivia: None. Hon, W. K. , Shah, R. , & Wu, S. B. (2009). Efficient INdex for Retrieving Top-k Most Frequenct Documents. None: Springer, Heidelberg. Niko, V. , & Veli, M. (2007). Space-efficient Algorithms for Document Retrieval. University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science. Finland: None. Y. , M. , S. , M. , S. , C. S. , & J. , Z. (1998). Augmenting suffix trees with applications. 6th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 1998) (pp. 67-78). None: Springer-Verlag.

The Three Rats Essay Example

The Three Rats Essay Example The Three Rats Paper The Three Rats Paper Candida is Morells wife and mother of their two young children. Shaw explains that she possesses the double charm of youth and motherhood. Her ways are those of a woman who has found that she can always manage people by engaging their affection, and who does so frankly and instinctively without the smallest scruple. She deeply loves her husband Morell, but is quite taken with Eugene Marchbanks naive, poetic nature. This comes of James teaching me to think for myself, and never to hold back out of fear of what other people may think of me. The Reverend James Mavor Morell Morell is a mature man, well-established in life, and husband to Candida. He is a Christian Socialist and clergyman of the Church of England. Shaw describes him as a vigorous, genial, popular man of forty, robust and good-looking, full of energy, with pleasant, hearty, considerate manners, and a sound unaffected voice, which he uses with the clean athletic articulation of a practiced orator, and with a wide range and perfect command of expression. These people forget I am a man: they think I am a talking machine to be turned on for their pleasure every evening of my life. Eugene Marchbanks Shaw states that he is a strange, shy youth of eighteen, slight, effeminate, with a delicate childish voice, and a hunted and tormented expression and shrinking manner that shew the painful sensitive of very swift and acute apprehensivenes s in youth. This young poet is madly in love with Candida, an affliction that torments him throughout the play. We all go about longing for love: it is the first need of our natures, the first prayer of our hearts; but we dare not utter our longing: we are too shy. Mr. Burgess Shaw states that Candidas father has been made coarse and sordid by the compulsory selfishness of petty commerce, and later on softened into sluggish bumptiousness by overfeeding and commercial success. He is a vulgar ignorant guzzling man. Burgess is a businessman always eeping an eye out for his own advancement. When I pay a man, an is livin depends on me, I keep him in is place. The Reverend Alexander Lexy Mill Lexy is a young curate chosen by Morell as his assistant. He is a well-intentioned, enthusiastic novice. He idolizes Morell, and tries to be just like him, and although he isnt very successful at it, he has won Morell over by his doglike devotion. I try to follow his example, not to imitate him . Miss Proserpine Prossy Garnett Shaw tells us that she is a brisk little woman of about 30, of the lower middle class notably pert and quick of speech, and not very civil in her manner, but sensitive and affectionate. She is secretly in love with Morell, and jealous of how he constantly gushes over Candida. Its enough to drive anyone out of their senses to hear a woman raved about in that absurd manner merely because shes got good hair, and a tolerable figure.

Breaking Down the Pros and Cons of Grade Retention

Breaking Down the Pros and Cons of Grade Retention Grade retention is a process in which a teacher believes that it would benefit a student to keep them in the same grade for two consecutive years. Retaining a student is not an easy decision and should not be taken lightly. Parents often find the decision agonizing, and it can be difficult for some parents to climb entirely on board. It is necessary to note that any retention decision should be made after much evidence is collected and after several meetings with parents. It is essential that you do not spring it on them at the final parent/teacher conference of the year. If grade retention is a possibility, it should be brought up early in the school year. However, intervention and frequent updates should be the focal point for most of the year. What Are Some Reasons to Retain a Student? There are many reasons that a teacher may feel that retention is necessary for a particular student. The biggest reason is typically the development level of a child. Students enter school at around the same chronological age but with ​varying developmental levels. If a teacher believes that a student is behind developmentally compared to the majority of students in their class, then they may wish to retain the student to give them â€Å"the grace of time† to mature and catch up developmentally. Teachers may also choose to retain a student because they simply struggle academically when compared to students at the same grade level. While this is a traditional reason for retention, it is necessary to note that unless you figure out why the student is struggling, it is likely that the retention will do more harm than good. Another reason teachers often retain a student is due to the student’s lack of motivation to learn. Retention is often ineffective in this case as well. Student behavior can be another reason that a teacher chooses to retain a student. This is especially prevalent in lower grades. Poor behavior is often tied to the developmental level of the child. What Are Some Possible Positive Effects? The biggest positive effect of grade retention is that it provides students who are truly behind developmentally a chance to catch up. Those type of students will begin to thrive once they are developmentally on grade level. Being in the same grade two years in a row can also provide a student with some stability and familiarity, especially when it comes to the teacher and the room. Retention is most beneficial when the child that is retained receives intensive intervention specific to the areas in which they struggle throughout the retention year. What Are Some Possible Negative Effects? There are many adverse effects of retention. One of the biggest negative effects is that students who are retained are more likely to drop out of school eventually. It is also not an exact science. Research says that students are more negatively impacted by grade retention than they are positively affected by it. Grade retention can also have a profound impact on a student’s socialization. This becomes especially true for older students who have been with the same group of students for several years. A student who has been separated from their friends could become depressed and develop poor self-esteem. Students who are retained are likely physically bigger than their classmates because they are a year older. This often causes that child to be self-conscious. Students who are retained sometimes develop serious behavior issues, especially as they age. What Grade(s) Should You Retain a Student? The rule of thumb for retention is the younger, the better. Once students reach fourth grade, it becomes virtually impossible for retention to be a positive thing. There are always exceptions but, overall, retention should be primarily limited to early elementary school. There are so many factors that teachers need to look at in a retention decision. It is not an easy decision. Seek advice from other teachers and look at each student on a case-by-case basis. You could have two students who are remarkably similar developmentally but due to external factors, retention would only be appropriate for one and not the other. What Is the Process for a Student to be Retained? Each school district typically has its own retention policy. Some districts may oppose retention altogether. For districts that do not oppose retention, teachers need to make themselves familiar with their district’s policy. Regardless of that policy, there are several things a teacher needs to do to make the retention process much easier throughout the year. Identify struggling students within the first few weeks of school.Create an individualized intervention plan to meet that students individual learning needs.Meet with the parent within a month of initiating that plan. Be straightforward with them, provide them with strategies to implement at home, and be sure you let them know that retention is a possibility if significant improvements aren’t made over the course of the year.Adapt and change the plan if you are not seeing growth after a few months.Continuously update the parents on their child’s progress.Document everything, including meetings, strategies used, results, etc.If you do decide to retain, then follow all school policies and procedures dealing with retention. Be sure to monitor and comply with dates concerning retention as well. What Are Some Alternatives to Grade Retention? Grade retention is not the best remedy for every struggling student. Sometimes it may be as simple as providing a student with some counseling to get them going in the right direction. Other times it is won’t be that easy. Older students, in particular, need to be given some options when it comes to grade retention. Many schools provide summer school opportunities for students to attend and make improvements in the areas in which they struggle. Another alternative would be to place a ​student on a plan of study. A plan of study puts the ball in the student’s court sort of speak. A plan of study provides students with specific objectives that they must meet over the course of the year. It also provides assistance and increased accountability for the student. Finally, a plan of study details specific consequences for not meeting their specific objectives, including grade retention.

Charles Darwin Essays - Charles Darwin, Coleopterists, Free Essays

Charles Darwin Essays - Charles Darwin, Coleopterists, Free Essays Charles Darwin science Charles Darwin Darwin was born in February, 1809. He left the school at Shrewsbury to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. In 1827 he dropped out of medical school and entered the University of Cambridge, intending to become a clergyman. There he met Adam Sedgwick, a geologist and John Stevens Henslow, a naturalist. Henslow not only helped build Darwin's self-confidence but also taught his student to be an observer of natural phenomena and collector of specimens. After graduating from Cambridge in 1831, the 22-year-old Darwin was taken aboard the English survey ship HMS Beagle, largely on Henslow's recommendation, as an unpaid naturalist on a scientific expedition around the world. Darwin's job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earth's surface. During the voyage Darwin found himself doubting that all creatures had been created individually when he found fossils closely ressembling each other. In the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, he also observed that each island supported its own form of certain animals; the various forms were closely related but differed in structure and eating habits from island to island. Both of his observations raised questions about the links between different species. After returning to England in 1836, Darwin began recording his ideas about changeability of species in his Notebooks on the Transmutation of Species. He wrote a theory about his findings but did not publish it. Darwin's theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper presented at the same time as one by Alfred Russel Wallace, a young naturalist who had come independently to the theory of natural selection. Darwin's complete theory was published in 1859, in On the Origin of Species. The Origin sold out on the first day of publication and after this went through six editions. His ideas were widely critized by scientists and the Church. Darwin spent the rest of his life based around his theory and arguments against it. He was honored by burial in Westminster Abbey after he died in Down, Kent, on April 19, 1882.

Civil Litigation Course work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Civil Litigation Course work - Essay Example Scott was driving on. He rammed into Mr. Scott’s vehicle on the passenger’s side. According to the police reports, Mr. Marshall was not wearing a helmet as per the traffic regulations. Mr. Scott on the other hand though drunk, his status was not beyond the legal alcohol limit. However, he was charged and found guilty of a traffic offence as he was talking over the phone while driving contrary to section 3 of the Road Traffic Act. Mr. Marshall sued Mr. Scott for the injuries sustained. The aim of this report to is determine if Mr. Scott is liable to pay damages to Mr. Marshall and what possible defenses he could actually rely on to escape liability. 3 Issues and Law 3 The first issue that arises in this case is the need to determine whether Mr. Scott is guilty of careless driving under section 3 of the Road Traffic Act and if this would necessarily prejudice his civil liability. In this regard, the proceedings under Road Traffic Act do not prejudice his civil case. Accor ding to Keenan (2011, p. 53), the outcome of a criminal action does not affect the outcome of civil case. The next issue in this case is the issue of liability. The question is whether Mr. Scott was liable to pay any damages to Mr. Marshall for the injuries sustained. Sustaining injuries in an accident does not give one an automatic right to recover damages. The question to be determined is which party was liable for the accident. One party may be fully liable or both parties might be liable meaning that each party is partially liable. The person claiming damages for personal injury after a motor vehicle accident has to prove that the other party was negligent. This means that Mr. Marshall has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that whatever damage that resulted from the accident was wholly or partially the fault of Mr. Scott. 4 In this case, one of the initial things to be determined is whether Scott was negligent. Under the law of torts, Howarth (2006, p. 147) indicates that a perso n is negligent when he or she is in breach of the legal duty of care that brings damage to the claimant. Negligence as per Alderson B in the case of Blyth v Birmingham Water Works constitutes omission by a reasonable person who guided by ordinary consideration fails to do something and as a result causes injury to another person. The same principle of the tort of negligence applies to the motor vehicle accident. Liability in this respect is determined on the basis of the negligent party. Under the law of torts, there are three requirements that need to be fulfilled. The first requirement that needs to be fulfilled for a claim to succeed is that the party claiming negligence needs to establish a duty of care (Smith, 1983, p. 44). 4 In light of the case, Marshall needs to establish that Scott owed him a duty of care. As a general rule, any one driving on a public road has a duty to the public and where one chooses to drive, they should be able to control the motor vehicle so that it d oes not harm other people. In the instant case, Mr. Scott by virtue of driving on a public road had a duty to control it to ensure that any person on the same road was not hurt. Even if it was the fault of the other party Mr. Scott should have taken all the reasonable measure to control the happening of the accident. This is to his disadvantage. However the other party too being a public road user is burdened with the same duty of care to ensure that he controls the motor

Human trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human trafficking - Research Paper Example Human trafficking is affecting every country and every economy. Almost 161 countries are involved in this and people are trafficked from 127 countries to 137 countries. Human trafficking is most comprehensively defined by United Nation Office on Drug and Crime on unodc.com as: it is an act of forcefully or by power, recruiting, transporting, transferring and harbouring a person with an aim to exploit them .It is a Umbrella term used for a process in which many people are enslaved . Annually a lot of population globally that includes males, females and children become victim of this crime within their country and abroad .Every country is affected by trafficking- either people are transported from there or it is in transit or destination where they are exploited. Human trafficking is also known as Trafficking in persons or TIP.Expolitation could include prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery, removal of organs, servitude etc. United Nations Convention aga inst Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols states on website unodc.com that definition given by UNODC has three elements: Any of these parts can create human trafficking case. First part is â€Å"Acts what is done† it means Recruitment, transportation, transferring, harbouring and receipt of person. Second part is â€Å"the means used to commit those Acts(How it is done )† these are refer to warning given to use power, fraud, abuse, punishment, cruelty, dishonesty or giving payments or awarding a person in control of the victim. Third element is â€Å"the goals for which the act was committed (Why it is done)† it means the reason of misuse, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery, removal of organs. UNODC states in its report Trafficking in Person: Global Patterns that victims of human trafficking who are sexually exploited are of 79% and forced labour 18%.Women exploitation is more seen especia lly in city centres and along high ways. Other forms are domestic servant, forced marriage, children begging, sex trade and war fare, prostitution, pornography, and nude dancing. Shelley in his book Human Trafficking:   A Global Perspective states that millions of people are being exploited each years at brick kilns ,sweatshop ,chicken forms mines ,rock quarries , fisheries , public or service work, beside females and children ,boys are also exploited in particular sex industry(281-285). Human trafficking is referred as modern day slavery by Shelley in his book Human Trafficking:   A Global Perspective: it is an evil which the modern world thinks has conquered and relegated to the history book. But today’s media, Nongovernmental organizations, human right organizations and the police cases paints a different picture. Reports form these organizations point out that trafficking is one of the most important sources to keep the deadly slavery practices alive. International Or ganization for Migration has given figures of victims’ exploitation such as physical and sexual violence 95%, forced economic exploitation 32%, forced commercial sexual exploitation 43 %( 98% of these are females). Shelley has written in his book Human Trafficking:  a Global Perspective that person’s consent becomes irrelevant when any means of trafficking is used. Child consent is not considered even if particular means are not used in trafficking. Migrant smuggling and human trafficking

Communication assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication assignment - Essay Example Then finally the areas of improvement in the system are discussed. Finally the paper is concluded by developing a costing implementation plan. In recruitment process Communication is an inevitable element. The recruits are taking care of the company's organization structure, its policies and practices. To make people aware of company's supervisor, its rules and regulations Communication is necessary Communication helps to perform functions of employees effectively. Employees should be sincere in their job (i.e. Employees must show real affection to the organization in which they are working that will finally lead to its great success) If a Soldier really knows why is in his nation's army and why he have to follow certain rules/procedures with the citizens so it is easier to develop love towards nation as commitment to his nation. In order to make the subordinates know about their contribution to the enterprise activity Communication is unavoidable. By this the employees are motivated and will get some idea about what their supervisors and the organization are expecting from them. Communication is needed to teach employees about personal safety on the job. This is essential to reduce accidents, to lower compensation and legal costs and to decrease recruitment and training cost for replacement. Communication helps the manager in his decision process. ... his nation's army and why he have to follow certain rules/procedures with the citizens so it is easier to develop love towards nation as commitment to his nation. In order to make the subordinates know about their contribution to the enterprise activity Communication is unavoidable. By this the employees are motivated and will get some idea about what their supervisors and the organization are expecting from them. Communication is needed to teach employees about personal safety on the job. This is essential to reduce accidents, to lower compensation and legal costs and to decrease recruitment and training cost for replacement. Elite groups and the wider public have acquired about its goals, activities and accomplishments by the amount of support which an enterprise receives from its social environment. Communication helps the manager in his decision process. There is a spate of varied information produced in an enterprise. The manager must make a choice of useful and essential information which should reach him. Co-ordination is achieved through communication. Co-ordination is needed among its component parts on the basis of division of labors and specialization. Many interdependent activities are performed in different departments of an organization. This interdependence is not tolerated in the absence of communication. Communication promotes co-operation and industrial peace. Because of lack of communication most of the disputes in an enterprise takes place. CURRENT APPROACHES TO INTERNAL COMMUNICATION: Formal channels Intranets Intranet is the popular approach to internal communication. E-Mail Newsletter Periodic Presentations By The Boss Open House or Town Hall Sessions and even Good old Team Briefings or Staff Magazines, Notices and Posters. All can

Jihad and Women in the Quran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jihad and Women in the Quran - Essay Example etween Muslims and non-Muslims, exemplified either by ‘dynamic’ method or classical jurisprudence, is subject to socially stereotyped views as well as political misinterpretations. However, when one does a historical assessment of jihad doctrine, particularly the war-jihad and gender-jihad, it is possible to state that Muslims have no obligation to wage jihad on the basis of Qur’anic readings. Commonly, Muslims’ understanding of the Quran is based on one’s own reading of the text or one’s attempt to extract the meaning from the text. The discussion here focuses on this assertion in relation to few readings on war and gender issues thereby exploring the essence of Islam and interpretation of Quran regarding jihad against these particular issues. There is still a continuous suspicion among the people of the world when it comes to the question of terrorism based violence and the role of Islam and its radical followers. The dialectical interpretation of fundamentalism, women-rights, and many such infelicities, with no regard to cultural, social, religious, and economic differences also owes to the wrong interpretation of Islam, particularly the jihad. However, the major misunderstanding lies on the interpretation of the Qur’anic readings, with many extracting its meaning textually rather than contextually thereby wrongly interpreting it. Particularly, the concept of jihad or ‘just war’ is often misinterpreted in the essence of Islamic law as a justification for violence or war by various institutions. Whatever the reason for jihad be, either war or gender oppression, the entire doctrine is strongly rooted on the Qur’anic readings and its interpretations. In that direction, it can be observed that mis understanding of jihad as a violent concept or a declaration of war by the radicals can bring religious justifications for warfare in the name of God. â€Å"Differences about the status and nature of jihad are a marked feature of early Islamic law, and

Women history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women history - Essay Example On the other hand, Ruth Milkman focuses on the issue of gender at work. In this case, the author focuses on the aspect of sexual division during labor. In doing this, Ruth Milkman focuses on the World War II. Milkman indicates that refashioning gender roles remained enormous during World War II. There were expectations in terms of gender roles during this period. Additionally, men and women both played different roles. The fact that both authors focus on women, it means that women remain important in the society. By focusing on women, both authors reflect on the post war period. In fact, the sentiments shared are happenings from the World War II. In writing the quotes, both authors take a critical approach on how certain aspects were conducted during the postwar period. Ruth Milkman and Rickie Solinger conduct an extensive research regarding issues facing women in the past. Additionally, both authors support their thoughts using several quotes. Despite the differences in ideas, both quotes reveal the position of women in the past societies. This means that both authors share similar sentiments regarding women. From Ruth Milkman and Rickie Solinger readings, it is evident that both quotes meet on similar ground. That is, women and aspects surrounding them. In the first quote, Rickie Solinger indicates that women are simply uterus in as much as various organisms support them. Here, the author remains clear regarding women and their personality. In the second quote, Ruth Milkman indicates that women can fill positions meant for men satisfactorily but subject to physical requirements and strengths. Almost similar to Solinger sentiments, Milkman is clear on issues surrounding women. Both authors are clear about roles of women in previous societies. In as much as both authors focus on issues that happened during postwar period, most issues indicated in the readings still happen in modern societies. In fact, the politics surrounding abortion remain

Jihad and Women in the Quran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jihad and Women in the Quran - Essay Example etween Muslims and non-Muslims, exemplified either by ‘dynamic’ method or classical jurisprudence, is subject to socially stereotyped views as well as political misinterpretations. However, when one does a historical assessment of jihad doctrine, particularly the war-jihad and gender-jihad, it is possible to state that Muslims have no obligation to wage jihad on the basis of Qur’anic readings. Commonly, Muslims’ understanding of the Quran is based on one’s own reading of the text or one’s attempt to extract the meaning from the text. The discussion here focuses on this assertion in relation to few readings on war and gender issues thereby exploring the essence of Islam and interpretation of Quran regarding jihad against these particular issues. There is still a continuous suspicion among the people of the world when it comes to the question of terrorism based violence and the role of Islam and its radical followers. The dialectical interpretation of fundamentalism, women-rights, and many such infelicities, with no regard to cultural, social, religious, and economic differences also owes to the wrong interpretation of Islam, particularly the jihad. However, the major misunderstanding lies on the interpretation of the Qur’anic readings, with many extracting its meaning textually rather than contextually thereby wrongly interpreting it. Particularly, the concept of jihad or ‘just war’ is often misinterpreted in the essence of Islamic law as a justification for violence or war by various institutions. Whatever the reason for jihad be, either war or gender oppression, the entire doctrine is strongly rooted on the Qur’anic readings and its interpretations. In that direction, it can be observed that mis understanding of jihad as a violent concept or a declaration of war by the radicals can bring religious justifications for warfare in the name of God. â€Å"Differences about the status and nature of jihad are a marked feature of early Islamic law, and

444 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

444 Final - Essay Example Secondly, the author discusses the fact that job search trends do not operate in a vacuum and are intrinsically shaped by microeconomic factors specific to the job seeker. In particular, the chapter highlights the point that the job search market comprises people searching for various types of jobs for multiple reasons that are dependent on age, education, economic status and gender. Furthermore, the job search market is effectively a two tiered structure, namely: As highlighted above, the external search will be motivated by age, education, location and gender. Additionally, Figure 15.1 refers to the example of wage offers, the acceptance wage and unemployment status impacting job acceptance. In contrast, the internal search will be dependent on organisational needs, which can create demand in the labor market. The author argues that the relationship between the external search and internal search ultimately dictates the labor market through the wage structure and nature of the market. Additionally, it is posited that notwithstanding periods of unemployment, the relationship between job search and the structure of the labor market results in a continuous supply of workers and jobs, which in turn creates equilibrium between the supply of jobs and the demand for jobs from the unemployed. Therefore in summary, the central argument in this chapter is that numerous factors influence why people search for jobs and employer demand for specific job roles to be satisfied, and that it is the interrelationship between these factors that dictate the trends and shape of the labor market. Additionally, it is argued that the structure of the labor market creates a constant flow of workers as â€Å"stock†, which in turn ensures equilibrium in the supply and demand curves of the labor market. This Chapter discusses the macroeconomic factors within which the labor market operates

Anti-Cancer Drug Screening in Vitro Essay Example for Free

Anti-Cancer Drug Screening in Vitro Essay Introduction: The incidences of cancer remain high despite advances in our understanding of cancer. Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out of control cell growth. Normal cells are constantly subject to signals that control whether the cell should divide, differentiate into another cell or die. Cancer cells develop a degree of independence from these signals, which results in uncontrolled growth and proliferation. If this proliferation is allowed to continue and spread, it can be fatal (1). Almost 90% of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis – the complex process of tumor spread through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. The emergence of genomic technologies holds therapeutic potential for personalized cancer management. Personalized cancer management combines standard chemotherapy and radiation treatments with genomic profiling and in vitro cell proliferation studies. Individualized genomic profiling allows the researcher to identify specific genes that contribute to unregulated cellular mechanisms that normally control cellular growth. By determining the molecular profile of a specific cancer, suitable treatment can be considered that target those gene products (2). Cultured cancer cells have the capacity to dramatically exceed normal doubling times to almost indefinite levels, unlike normal cells. HeLa cells are a great example of this. One of the most widely used continuous cell lines in research is the HeLa cell line, which was derived in 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a cervical caner patient in 1951. These cells continue to grow and proliferate in hundreds of laboratories across the world to this day. These cancer cells have been called ‘Immortal’ as they have bypassed the senescence regulators within the cell and acquired the capacity for unlimited division. Measurement of cell viability and proliferation forms the basis for numerous in vitro assays of a cell population’s response to external factors. The reduction of tetrazolium salts is now widely accepted as a reliable way to examine cell p roliferation. MTT viability assays is based on the ability of a mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme from viable cells to cleave the tetrazolium rings of the pale yellow MTT and form a dark blue formazan crystals, which is largely impermeable to cell membranes, thus resulting in its accumulation within healthy cells. The resulting  intracellular purple formazan can be solubilized and quantified by a spectrometer and is then subject to examination to evaluate cell viability. These measurements can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments to cells. These anti-cancer drugs in vitro allows drugs to be tested against live cells which helps determine drug effectiveness and side effects. Cell proliferation, also known as cell growth, cell division, or cell replication is the basic process through which cells form new cell. Cell proliferation is the increase in cell number as a result of cell division and growth. The quantification of cellular growth, including proliferation and viability, has become an essential tool in any laboratory working on cell-based studies. These techniques enable the optimization of cell culture conditions, and the determination of growth factor and cytokine activity. Even more importantly, the efficiency of therapeutic agents in drug screening, the cytostatic potential of anticancer compounds in toxicology testing, and cell-mediated toxicity can be assessed when quantifying cell growth (3). This practical is designed to evaluate the sensitivity and response of putative anti-cancer drugs using a modified anti-proliferative drug assay. Using a modified MTT drug assay, the sensitivity and response of anti-cancer drugs can be determined. In this blind trial, three unlabeled drugs are tested to discover their properties. The trial of these drugs was carried as a blind trial to insure that the results obtained with unbiased. Results In this practical, we were given three drugs. One of the drugs had no known anti-cancer properties; one was a known chemotherapeutic agent and the third was a mystery drug with putative anti-cancer properties. The HeLa cells were also treated with a no-drug, medium-only control. The objective of the study was to identify the nature of the unlabeled drugs. The identities of these three drugs were unknown in order to make the experiment a blind trial. Doing the study as a blind trial allowed any bias data to be avoided in data interpretation (2). Calculations: From the raw data obtained column 0 acts as the control, this column contains the HeLa cells but no drug, and is used to see if the unknown drugs A,B and  C have an effect on the viability of HeLa cells. The last row on the 96 well plates contained no HeLa cells and acted as a reference to observe whether column 0 contained living cells. When the absorbance value for column 0 was similar to the no cell value, that data set would be ignored, as this would indicate no cells were present in column 0 which would have been invalid as column 0 contained medium only. This method was applied when choosing appropriate data sets for data interpretation. Discussion: In this study we were given three drugs. One of the drugs had no known anti-cancer properties, one had a known chemotherapeutic agent and the third was a mystery drug with putative anti-cancer properties. The objective of this blind trial study was to identify the nature of these unlabeled drugs.  By observing the overall averages from the results (Table 1 Figure 1) we can conclude that drug A had the highest percentage cell viability out of the three drugs. The percentage value of A is similar to the percentage value of the control (0). The control consisted of a medium-only solution and not meant to effect the cell viability of HeLa cells at all, this implies that Drug A has no anti-cancer properties and has little effect on the HeLa cells viability. From this data we can conclude that Drug A was the drug with no known anti-cancer properties (negative control). By observing the percentage cell viability of drug B, we can conclude that drug B had the smallest cell viability value that was close to 0%. Small percentage viability indicates that there is a reduction in cell proliferation occurring in the HeLa cell line, however 0% cell viability would indicate that there are no viable cells in the well, meaning there was a complete reduction in cell proliferation. Lack of cell proliferation means an absence of mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase activity to metabolize MTT into its results purple formazan, producing a lower absorbance value (4). From this we can conclude that drug B has anti-cancer properties as it had a large negative effect on HeLa cell viability. By observing drug C, we can determine that drug C also has a relatively low percentage cell viability value. This would indicate that drug C, like drug B, has a negative effect on cell viability, meaning it causes a reduction in cell proliferation in HeLa cells. From this we can conclude that Drug C also had anti-cancer properties as it had a negative effect on HeLa cell viability. At this point, two drugs have yet to be identified, Drug B and Drug C. Both Drug B and Drug C have anti-cancer properties, shown by their low cell viabilities values. A positive control will be a drug that will give a large cell viability percentage. From this, we would conclude that Drug B was the positive control with a chemotherapeutic agent leaving Drug C to be the mystery drug. However we cannot accept this without actually knowing what the mystery drugs anti-cancer properties are. The mystery drug could have stronger anti-cancer properties than the positive control. In this scenario, Drug B would be the mystery drug as it observed the lowest cell viability, making it the most effective against cancer cells. For this reason, we cannot accurately identify drugs B and C without more information about the mystery drug. However if we accept that the mystery drug has a smaller  effect on cancer cells than the positive control, we would then conclude that Drug B is the positive control and Drug C is the mystery drug. If we observe the overall data used to calculate the average cell viability percentages for each drug, we can see there are values higher than 100% and values lower than 0% (negative values). Values higher than 100% would indicate that there are more viable cells present in drug A compared to our control. Since we know drug A has no effect on the cancer cells, we would expect the cell viability of drug A to be similar to the control. These anomalies could be due to cell proliferation in the drug A column, meaning the HeLa cells grew and divided to create new cells, meaning the number of cells in column A increased, resulting in a higher absorbance value, due to the increase in MTT reduction. A higher absorbance value in the no cell row compared to the drug B column results in a negative value. Absorbance values that are lower than the control cells indicate a reduction in the rate of cell proliferation. Conversely a higher absorbance rate indicates an increase in cell proliferation. Values lower than 0% would indicate that there are fewer cells present in the drug B wells compared to the no cell wells. This could be due to human error where cells where accidently transferred due to poor lab technique, or been caused by a high absorbency of the buffer used in the no cell row. In this study, the reduction of the MMT is used to estimate cell viability and proliferation. However recent studies have shown that superoxide can also reduce tetrazolium salts, such as MTT. Therefore studies investigating the cytological effect of HeLa cells may encounter misleading results when using MTT to measure viability proliferation. This is because MTT assays may yield inaccurate results due to the increase in superoxide formation in cultured HeLa cells (7). This kind of limitation may have played apart in this study and could have caused our abnormal values discussed in the paragraph above. To overcome this limitation, we could use different techniques to measure cell viability. One way of assessing cytotoxicity is by cell integrity. Compounds that have cytotoxic effects, such as the drugs we are investigating, often compromise cell membrane integrity. An example of this method is a Tryphan Blue exclusion test (10). This exclusion test can be used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension. It is based on the principle that viable cells have intact cell membranes that are impermeable to dyes,  such a trypan blue, whereas dead cells do not. In this test, a cell suspension is mixed with the tryphan blue dye and then visually examined to determine whether cells take up or exclude the dye (11). A viable cell will have a clear cytoplasm whereas a dead cell will have a blue cytoplasm. Tryphan blue is not affected by superoxide formation so will yield more accurate results than the MTT assay. The problems that arise from dye exclusion tests is that they are operator depend and are subject to human error. Another way of assessing cell viability via membrane integrity is by using fluorescent DNA binding dyes such as SYBR Green I (10). SYBR Green I is a fluorescent dye used as a nucleic acid dye. SYBR Green I binds to DNA and the resulting DNA-dye-complex absorbs blue light and emits green light (9). This is based on the principle that an increase in cell proliferation will cause an increase of DNA in the cell suspension. More SYBR Green 1 will bind to the DNA and more green light will be observed under blue light.

Analyze The Policies Of Tun Abdul Razak Period History Essay

Analyze The Policies Of Tun Abdul Razak Period History Essay On the other hand, he also established agencies such as the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Malayan Industrial Development Finance (MIDF), and Council of Indigenous Peoples Trust (Majlis Amanah Rakyat, MARA). Furthermore, he changed Malaysias socioeconomic landscape through the New Economic Policy (NEP) during his premiership. This New Economic Policy was aiming at eliminating poverty and restructuring society by focusing not only on rural development, but also on education. Tun Abdul Razak played an important role in reestablishing the public identity of Malayan as he was also closely involved in the formation of Malaysia and its reconciliation with Indonesia. Due to his contribution to Malaysia and the public especially in development, he is known as the Father of Development. An Overview of Foreign Policy of Malaysia Since Independence, a variety of geographical, historical, social and political factors contribute to the shaping of Malaysias foreign policy that includes the conduct of the countrys international relations. The various determinants have become increasingly important in line with globalisation and in the advancement of communication and information technology (ICT). Although the nature of the foreign policy of our country is changing by time, the basic objective remains the same, which is to pursue the national interest at the international level and to ensure the continued prosperity and stability of our country. Examining Malaysias foreign policy since 1957, it is obvious that there are evolutionary changes characterised by notable differences in emphasis, which occurs with the change in Malaysias political stewardship and the need for political, economical and social stability. Under Tunku Abdul Rahman, our first Prime Minister, Malaysia is one of the anti-Communist and pro-western countries that also has close links to the Commonwealth due to the close adherence and relationship between British and us. After Tunku Abdul Rahman, we began to approach a foreign policy based on non-alignment, neutralization and peaceful co-existence, marked by it involvement in Non- Alignment Movement (NAM). Under Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia began to identify itself as a Muslim nation in accordance with its involvement in the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Trying to achieve true independence by seeking out friends beside British, Malaysia started to encourage investments from sources other than Br itish. During Tun Hussein Onns premiership, Malaysia played an important role as a member of ASEAN regarding the issue of the collapse of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in 1975, the withdrawal of the US military presence from Southeast Asia and the invasion of Kampuchea (now Cambodia) by Vietnam. Malaysias foreign policy began to change dramatically when Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad took over as the fourth Prime Minister in 1981. It became more economy- oriented than what it had used to be, in line with its focus on building up a strong and nationalistic defense of the rights, interests and aspirations of developing countries. Under Tun Dr. Mahathir, there were a number of new initiatives, including treating Antarctica as the common heritage of mankind, the look east policy (LEP) that encourages Malaysians to learn from the positive values of Japanese and Koreans, reverse investment, East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC), Group of 15 (G15)   ASEAN Mekong Basin Development Co-operation, Islamic Unity and the championing of the cause of developing countries on major issues like environment, human rights, and democracy. Dato Seri Abdulah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi has served as prime Minister and becomes the chairman of OIC, ASEAN, NAM for a period of time. Different foreign policy that comes under different prime ministers reflects a pragmatic response to the geopolitical and economic changes from time to time. A combination of being static but alterable according to the distinct needs at different moment as the main feature of our countrys foreign policy is a reflection of the development and maturation of our country in the conduct of its international affairs. In fact, in several occasions, Malaysias leadership has been recognised as one of the most influential. Malaysia has proved that it has possessed the quality of independence by depending less on foreign aid and courageous. Gradually, Malaysia has gained its fame as a politically, economically and socially stable country mainly due to its foreign policy. In short, Malaysia seeks to maintain the bilateral relations with almost all countries by upholding the principles of sovereign equality and mutual respect for territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each others internal affairs, peaceful settlement of disputes as well as mutual benefit in relations and peaceful co-existence. Re- Alignment in Foreign Policy The suspension of Parliament after the crisis of May 13th 1969 entailed the administration of the country by an emergency body, the National Operations Council (NOC/ MAGERAN), for a period of four years. Starting from May 1969, Tun Abdul Razak was considered as the Head of Government due to his position as the Director of Operations of NOC. However, he was reluctant to make any changes on the foreign policy as long as Tunku Abdul Rahman was still holding the premiership. Yet, he was convinced that Malaysias foreign policy which was then revolving around the pro- western democracies, could no longer sustain Malaysias needs. Once he took over the premiership, the foreign policy agenda of a politically reconstructed Malaysia was to be put in place then. The new Administration was clearly at pains to regain domestic (both Malaysia and non-Malay) and international confidence in Malaysias viability as a multiethnic state. The serious challenge to governments ability to govern Malaysian society caused a significant review of policies. The introduction of new strategies represented the first observable attempts to employ foreign policy to a domestic political purpose, to increase the stability and balance of economic and political dominance among all races. For example, the development of more extensive contacts with international Islamic activities was part of the post -1696 pattern of UMNO or government movement towards a more Muslim character while maintaining patterns accommodation with other races. Besides, there was also an issue referred by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad as the apron- string complex. There were pressure and arguments on the type of relationship we should maintain between the former colonizers and our country. In addition, there was also an urgent need to take the middle stand between the two major power blocs in the world by then in order to establish significant Third World credentials. The British Military Power, once the major power in Southeast Asia, was facing a gradual rundown that would definitely caused the whole withdrawal of the power from the region. Nevertheless, at the moment, Malaysia still needed the Western allies due to its under- developed defense systems. That is the reason for in April 1970, Tun Abdul Razak who was still the Minister of Defense, subscribed to the Five- Power Defense Pact, signed in London with Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Britain. The turmoil in international and regional affairs was also one of the issues during the Razak administration. Prolonged United States involvement in Vietnam, the a complex geo-political challenge, particularly the rising of the neighborly countries such as Indonesia and India, both culturally and politically, the emergence of China as possessing the nuclear super- power and its re-entry to international diplomacy, the increasing influences of Japan on Asia especially in the fields of commerce, industry and finance, the renewed strength of Muslim states in the Middle East were indirectly shaping Malaysias foreign policy at the time. Moreover, Malaysia also had to deal with some regional security issues such as the Philippines claim over Sabah, the cooperation with Thailand to solve communist guerrillas in border area, the Thai treatment of Malay- Muslims in Southern Thailand and the relationships with Indonesia regarding to the navigation rights in the Melaka straits issue and the pos session of offshore oil resources. Tun Abdul Razak wondered about the strategies that Malaysia could adopt to cope with it. He felt that the emerging new countries in Africa and Asia should be cultivated. Besides, the ways that Malaysia managed these issues were also in the consideration as popular sentiment determined the perception of the outside world about Malaysia. It is important to create an image of Malaysia as an independent and free from foreign dominance country. When he took over his premiership, he began to implement his plans, elevating neutrality and non- alignment as our official foreign policy goals in order to ensure the future security and well- being of Malaysia. One of his goals was to achieve full neutralization of the whole of Southeast Asia while still maintaining a good relationships with the West by acquiring cooperation from the major powers that were concerned with this region, and also by identifying with the Third World of Afro- Asia including Latin American, South Pacific and Middle East . Another goal was to gain alliance with the ASEAN countries and to make sure that the region would be safer and freed from foreign military forces and also to maintain harmonious, peaceful and bilateral relationships with these neighbour countries. The Association of Southeast Asia (ASEAN) During the period of Tun Abdul Razak as the deputy prime Minister of Malaysia, there were only few organizations such as the ASA (Association of Southeast Asia) and the ASPAC (Asian Pacific Council). Tunku Abdul Rahman realized that there was no space for two organizations to work perfectly at the same time. Thus, in 1967, not long after the Confrontation dispute with Indonesia, five main country members including Adam Malik from Indonesia, Narciso Ramos from the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak from Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam from Singapore and Thanat Khoman from Thailand held a meeting in Bangkok and eventually founded the ASEAN, in response to the failure of MAPHILINDO, for the strategic and security reasons. This is the Bangkok Declaration. Before the forming of ASEAN, Malaysia was facing the issues regarding to the claim made by the Philippines over Sabah as Sabah was once the territory of Sultanate of Sulu. Besides, Malaysia also had to deal with the Confrontation of Indonesia at Southern part of Malaysia. In line with the formation of ASEAN, many conflicts were resolved as the members of ASEAN come to agree that there were better solutions instead of confrontations and conflicts. By 1967, the open dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia was replaced by cooperation through the formation of ASEAN. In fact, the Philippines claim on Sabah was slow down after the formation of ASEAN. Tun Abdul Razak played an important role as he stood firmly in declining the Philippines claim on Sabah. From his point of view, it was a test for the new nation. Malaysian demanded for the withdrawal of the Philippines from Sabah even if they wanted to infiltrate Sabah with a special forces. The Malaysian government lodged a formal protest in September 1968. A meeting was held between Tuan Abdul Razak and Narciso Ramos in Bangkok. It seemed to be fruitless but they agree with a solution by having a cooling off period. Yet, matters went even worse when the Philippines claimed again over Sabah territory and its water. In addition, the Philippines Executive also accused the State Government of Sabah for infringing the Kuala Lumpur Declaration by interfering with its internal affairs such as smuggling arms and explosives in the Sulu Islands and Mindanao. This is an ongoing issue but without Tun Abdul Razak and the government, we may not have Sabah as a state in our country today. In February 1977, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, drafted initiatively by Tun Abdul Razak, to foster peaceful resolutions of disputes between ASEAN member countries was signed at the ASEAN summit conference in Bali. Another issue that had a big impact on Malaysia was the idea of the communism. The formation of ASEAN was mainly for strategic and security reasons and political stability among the ASEAN countries. To prevent ASEAN countries from being colonized, threatened or involving in communism, ASEAN bind all the countries together to have a neutralized stance. The early formation of ASEAN was to prevent all war involving ASEAN countries, to focus in economic growth and also to rebuild and recover after World War II. Federation of Malaya, by the time, had just came out from the confrontation of Indonesian and the state of emergency, without the idea of ASEAN and the co-operation among the ASEAN countries for the economical support, Malaysia would not be able to survive throughout the whole early period before and after the formation of Malaysia. Neutralization and Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) Since Tun Abdul Razak assumed his position as the second prime minister of Malaysia, neutralization had become the key element of Malaysias foreign policy. The proposal of neutralization under Tun Abdul Razak had two levels of implementation. The first level specified that Southeast Asian nation-states adopt and practice non- aggression and non- intervention principles based on mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, besides reaching out to ensure harmony and security among themselves. The second level of implementation involved the major superpowers at the time, the United States, China, and the Soviet Union, were singled out as prospective guarantors for ensuring that the Southeast Asian region would not become an area for conflict among these major countries. In addition, the superpowers were also called on to take the role of supervising to ensure the neutrality of Southeast Asia. The declaration emphasized regional cooperation to strengthen the economic and soc ial stability of the region to ensure peaceful and progressive national developments. Since 1970, Malaysia has been practicing non- interference policy or the exception policy to create a bilateral good relationships with many countries, without involving itself in the complications of super- power such as Russia and United States. ZOPFAN (Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality), originated in a 1970, a proposal by Tun Abdul Razak, was one of the efforts made for the purpose of neutralizing Southeast Asia, to be free from any form of external interference and to create a region that has lasting peace, freedom and prosperity. In October 1971, Tun Abdul Razak proposed his plan for neutralization to the United Nations General Assembly in New York. He received a lot of encouragement and acceptance. He managed to arrange a meeting with four other ASEAN countries to hold a meeting in Kuala Lumpur on November 26th and 27th. The result was the Kuala Lumpur Declaration, an issue of a joint communiquà © that included a declaration of all ASEAN countries by the time to cooperate and work together to gain the recognition and respect for Southeast Asia as ZOPFAN. The Malaysian Government under the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Ministership of Tun Razak and Tun Ismail organized a chain of diplomatic campaigns to have the Malaysian initiative adopted and accepted by the other non- ASEAN Southeast Asia countries for the need of a neutralized Southeast Asia. He called for a greater regional cooperation and warned people about the danger and risk of the existence and intention of super- powers. During the 3rd ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on 16 December 1969, he stressed the importance of regional cooperation and regional solidarity through self-help and collective efforts. Tun Abdul Razak did not cease his personal effort in implementing the idea of ZOPFAN to a wider area including those countries that were not ASEAN members. In 1974, he made an official visit to Burma to convince President U Ne Win about neutralization. Although Burmese remained skeptical and Indo-China was about to be ruled by communists, Tun believed and was convinced that in the future, these countries would embrace neutralization. However, ZOPFAN had not progressed very much beyond the conceptual beginnings and terms set down during the Bali meeting in 1976. ZOPFAN remains an intra-ASEAN policy, but over the years, the principles of the proposal and the subsequent Treaty of Amity and Concord have been contravened by non-ASEAN states. In 1990s, after reviewing the relevancy of ZOPFAN, some analysts believed that the concept of ZOPFAN seems increasingly irrelevant in the post-Cold War era and it was merely a statement of principle rather than a plan for effective actions. ZOPFAN was extremely limited in the contribution it can make toward the shaping or formulation of security arrangements and other such forms of regional cooperation among the member states of ASEAN. Non- Alignment Movement (NAM) Tun Abdul Razak made a couple of significant changes in Malaysias foreign policy. One of his fundamental moves was the decision to join NAM (Non-Aligned Movement). NAM was considered by the Razak administration as a major discussion for consultations and management of positions on political and economic issues to determine an international order that were of importance among the almost two- thirds of the sovereign developing countries of the world. To understand why Tun Abdul Razak decided to actively be a member of NAM, remember that NAM emerged during the collapse of the colonial system in Asia and Africa and the emergence of independent countries from colonization and imperialism. As the name implies, NAM members follow a strict non-alignment policy, did not favor both democratic bloc and communist bloc. NAM countries promote self-determination, national independence and sovereignty and territorial integrity. NAM countries also focus on strengthening the socioeconomic development as well as reconstituting international economic system. Tun Abdul Razak, practiced a non-alignment policy by establishing ZOFPAN. He believed that the joining of Malaysia into NAM can prove the stance of Malaysia, which chose to be non-aligned with any powers of block. During the period of Tun Abdul Razak as the Foreign Minister, Malaysia was officially brought into the fold of the Movement as a member country with its participation in the Informal Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of NAM at New York on 27th September 1969. Consequently, the Malaysian Delegation, led by Tun Abdul Razak as the new Prime Minister, attended its first ever Summit as a member country at the 3rd NAM Summit in Lusaka, Zambia from 8th until 10th September 1970. To strengthen Malaysias determination and pursuit of disentanglement, Tun Abdul Razak led the delegation of Malaysia to the Fifth Conference of Heads of State of Government of NAM Countries at Colombo in the year of 1976. In the political aspects, NAM members agreed to condemn Zionists violent action against Palestinians. Zionist (Israel) persistently continued his hostile racist and unlimited expansionary policy in Palestine boundaries. As a Muslim, Tun Abdul Razak paid sympathy and condemnation against Israelis actions. NAM also agreed that this situation posed a threat to international security and peace. As the same time, Tun Abdul Razak wanted to create a closer relationship with Muslim countries. This gave Tun Abdul Razak a greater chance and higher reputation, since Muslim countries also disagreed with Zionists brutal action against Palestine. Another issue that helped Tun Abdul Razak to proven his role in Asian is the issues of United States, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Vietnam. As a prominent figure in South East Asian, Tun Abdul Razak was working hard to make South East Asian a free-alignment zone, free from any alien powers. By the time the fifth conference was held, Vietnam had a successful birth as Socialist Republic of Vietnam, while Lao Peoples Democratic Republic had freed from United States attack. NAM celebrated the struggle of the country to fight against Imperialism by United States. To make sure that Malaysia stood in the side of Vietnam, joining NAM and agreeing with the resolution was the right actions. This act, therefore, would bring confidence to South East Asian countries to join Tun Abdul Razaks plan to made South East Asian a free and neutral region. In the economic context, Tun Abdul Razak, which at that time had visions to develop Malaysia, has made a right path by joining NAM, which clearly paralleled with his visions and missions. Malaysia, which was going step by step to neutralize from big powers (bloc), would surely suffer in terms of economic if they continued to do so. By far, most underdeveloped and developing countries still depend on big powers for economic support, and these policy had never made them any better; economic discrimination, along with imperialism, colonialism and apartheid would never place a big space for these countries to developed. Malaysia had made the right step to gradually become independence in terms of economic and sovereignty by joining NAM. The Relationship with China The most recent historical perspective of bilateral Malaysia-China relations is relevant for todays situation. This is due to the fact that the relation of China and Malaysia and also with other Southeast Asian countries was complicated by two problems. According to Malaysia, Southeast Asia and the Emerging China: Political, Economic and Cultural Perspectives; one had been the Beijings policy towards Malaysian of Chinese origin and the other is its policy towards the Communist Party of Malaya. Unlike the establishment of diplomatic relations with other countries such as for example African countries whereby communities of Chinese ancestors and African communist parties linked closely to China didnt have any issues that complicated matters so much. Thus, these two factors played a prominent role in playing in the establishment o diplomatic relations between China and Malaysia. In 1949, communism took over China. They, at that time didnt think of a clear policy towards Southeast Asians of Chinese origin. Instead, they continued the previous Kuomintang government which was to consider as Chinese those who had a grandfather who was a Chinese citizen. This caused numerous difficulties with other countries which just obtained their independence from colonial rule. Those new countries did not want to deal with citizens that came from other countries, especially China. However, the Chinese communist were enthusiastic to have diplomatic relations with these new nations especially those that were not seen as Western allies. Most the Chinese in Malaysia had embraced Malaysian citizenship and were already integrated in Malaysian polity by 1974. Again, according to Malaysia, Southeast Asia and the Emerging China: Political, Economic and Cultural Perspectives; it has been suggested that one reason Tun Razak wanted to establish diplomatic relations with China was an attempt on part of Barisan National to win Malaysian Chinese votes for a general election that was expected to be declared after he came back from China. UMNO leaders were confident of their loyalty to use the China card. However, there were still problems regarding the citizenship issue. Many Chinese in Malaysia still could not obtain their Malaysian citizenship and therefore were so-called stateless Chinese. It was feared that they could complicate the negotiations between Malaysia and the Chinese communist authorities. The Chinese communist government couldnt openly abandon them. But both parties really wanted to develop diplomatic ties so in 1974, Tun Razak and Premier Zhou En-lai signed the join communiquà ©. And in that draft, there was no mention of this group of Chinese beyond the usual urging by the Chinese premier that Chinese residents in Malaysia should respect Malaysian laws and customs. Besides that, there were other reasons Malaya wanted to establish diplomatic ties with China was that was due to regional strategic causes and economic reasons as well. According to Malaysia: Fifty Years of Diplomacy, in May 1971 a trade mission went to China at the invitation of the Chinese Governments National Foreign Trade Corporation. The outcome of this initiative was that China agreed to buy an entire stockpile of the Malaysian Rubber Fund Board. Apart from that, China also agreed to purchase an additional150,000 tons of rubber a year at average market prices. After almost a year later, in March 1972, the China National Chemical Export and Import Corporation invited a rubber technical advisory mission from Malaysia to visit China for two weeks. Malaysias recently established national trading corporation, PERNAS sponsored a 60-member trade delegation to the Canton Spring Fair in April 1972. Besides that, Malaya also developed a relationship with China based on other levels such as sports and medical exchanges throughout 1971 and 1972. This clearly shows that Malaysia really wanted to demonstrate its goal to achieve wide understanding with this growing power. Chinas formal membership in the UN and President Nixons visits to China was kind of triggered Malaysias initiative to have diplomatic relations with China. Malaysia then decided to begin a dialogue with China with a view to normalization of relations. The discourse began in June 1973 and the first few meetings showed Malaysias seriousness in the negotioations. Those who represented Malaysia were Zain Azraai (representing Prime Ministers Office), Khor Eng Hee (Wisma Putra) and Ahmad Kamil Jaafar (Deputy Permanent Representative). On the other hand, the person who represented China was their Ambassador, Huang Hua. Even though both sides expectations were opposed, the Malaysians were still able to persuade the Chinese to accept a package deal in which Malaysias main concerns were satisfied. The perception of China as a threat to Malaysia began to change from the mid 1980s onwards. This was a result of many factors. One was due to the increasing acceptance by the Malaysian government and the Malaysian Chinese were well integrated in Malaysian polity. Any further opening towards China such as allowing Malaysians to visit China with the same degree of freedom they were permitted to travel to any other friendly country. Besides that, it was also encouraged for Malaysia to enhance business ties with China. Due to that, it would not have negative domestic political consequences. In conclusion, ties between China and Malaysia have been complicated by the issue of Beijings policy towards Southeast Asian of Chinese descent since 1949, especially by its support by the Communist Party in Malaya. However, these two factors did not prevent both of these countries from having diplomatic relations. But from 1980s onwards, the two factors mentioned began to dissolve when the Chinese were taken consideration into the local polity and when the Communist Party of Malaya decided to surrender back in 1989. Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an international organization with a permanent delegation with the United Nations. It happened to be an idea of the first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman in 1969 and Malaysia has officially joined the organization since then. The succeeding government of Tun Abdul Razak reaped advantage from his leadership role. With more than 25 countries became the members of OIC before 1970, Tun Abdul Razak had become a second man by carrying on the idea made the first Prime Minister. In fact, this capable leader was persisted in the policies of Tunku Abdul Rahman in the organization. Apart of being renowned in Malaysian New Economic Policy (DBP), Tun Abdul Razaks foreign policy had been a great success from his efforts in the OIC. First of all, he was acknowledged with conspicuousness of Muslim Nation. Under Tun Abdul Razak, as a member of the particular organization, Malaysia began to identify itself as a Muslim nation. Even though there were three races in the country, he wanted to establish and recognize Malaysia as one single country. Indeed, it has been one up to the present. More or less, this situation had strengthened the Malaysian support towards the liberation of Palestine at that time. As Islam is the official religion of our country and the actual religion of the Malays, most contemporary leading politicians were Malays; thus, in various Arab- Israeli conflicts, despite Malaysias policy towards neutralization, the government encourage monetary contribution and volunteers from the public to aid the Palestinians during the Arab- Israeli war in October 1 973. Tun Abdul Razak also held responsible for Malaysias agreement for Islamic Charter of OIC in 1972. As a result of this, he had given birth to a clean international Islamic image for a new country like Malaysia at that particular moment. Furthermore, this second Prime Minister had emphasized the pragmatism of OIC. It was his idea to come out with economically supportive Islamic Organization to the members of the OIC. In the 5th Islamic Conference, he used to stress the importance for the OICs members to promote and regard Islam as a religion of steadfast progression and human modernization. In a sense, the idea involved the constitution of economic and technical cooperation, the broadening of trade, investments schemes and its members, better and improved deployment of Islamic Development Bank (IDF) funds within the Islamic world, and the modification on the system of Islamic education. As a result, there was a sharp boost in the volume of bilateral trade between Malaysia and Middle Eastern countries. The increasing volume $172 million in 1969 to $654 million in 1974 in trade is a clear evident for this case. As a matter of fact, Malaysia was considered as one of the top ten countries to be exempted from oil cutbacks during the global energy crisis in 1973. The mission to attract foreign investment through the establishment of foreign policies was also proven successful through the funding of oil-producing Arab countries in the constructions of mosques and religious schools in Malaysia. The Secretariat for the development of Ummah during the 1970s was liable for those kinds of modernizations. In a nutshell, Tun Abdul Razak contributed a lot to Malaysians development in terms of its foreign policy. It was him who initially practiced commercial bond between Malaysia and other Islamic nations, coupled with his ability to serve a respectful image of Malaysias name throughout the world and preserved Malaysias cerebral policies towards a nations freedom. At this point, he had moved Malaysia one step forward to the present Malaysia. Overall influences of the foreign policy on Malaysia Political Effects The existence of ZOPFAN in line with the foreign policy goal to achieve neutralization has contributed to an agreement formed between Malaysia and South East Asia (ASEAN) with other foreign powers, which in turn freed Malaysia and other ASEAN countries from any kind of violation and disturbance from the foreign power that wished to carry out the imperialism policy. In fact, foreign powers had actually promised to acknowledge and recognize the sovereignty and independence of the countries in this area Thus, the forming of ZOPFAN has provided ASEAN countries with an institutional framework and the sinews of future co-operations, emphasizing that ASEAN was free to embark on a journey to prove the viability of the philosophy of building regional resilience based on the respective national resilience of each of its Member Countries, anticipating an era of peace and co-operation. Despite the partial success of the p

Archimedes Essay examples -- Biographies Bio Biography

People have been aware of objects floating on water or sinking since before recorded history. It was not until Archimedes of Syracuse came along, that the theory of flotation and the buoyancy principle were defined. Archimedes was born at Syracuse on the island of Sicily in 287 BC. His father, Phidias, is thought to have been an astronomer who discovered the size and distances of the sun and moon. Archimedes might have been related to King Hieron the second, King Hieron definitely favored Archimedes as his first philosopher. As a young boy, Archimedes developed a life-long interest in the study of the heavens. As a teen he traveled to Egypt where he studied at the great Library of Alexandria, possibly under the followers of Euclid. Archimedes is often described as being absentminded, self-absorbed, and somewhat eccentric. Despite these personal attributes, he was recognized in his own time as a genius, and is revered today as one of the greatest figures in the history of science and mathematics. It is not known if Archimedes did marry or if he had any kids, Archimedes' first love was always mathematics. He is also known today to have been an experimental physicist, legendary philosopher, artistic engineer and a wise inventor. He would often spend days so intently fixed on solving a problem that he neglected both food and himself to a point that his friends would carry him kicking and fighting to the bath. He often stooped to the ground to work mathematical problems by drawing figures in the dirt. He is even said to have carried a small wooden tray filled with sand, which he used to draw his figures and work on his mathematical problems. You might think of this tray as our modern day lap-top or another recording device. Of course,... ... felt guilty to be so stupid to have send a soldier to get Archimedes from his studies. In his triumph he provided Archimedes with an honorable burial and befriended his dead relative. On Archimedes grave stone there is an inscription of Pi, I think his most famous discovery. Finally a sphere with a cylinder and the 2:3 ratio of the volumes (the solution to the problem), which he took pride as his greatest achievement. Finally, Archimedes lived from 287B.C to 212 B.C, spending most of his life in his home land. Not much is known about his childhood or about him growing up but without him or modern world wouldn't be the same. Thanks to him we have improved inventions and theories and/or formulas. Such as, the determination of circular area, he approximated more precisely than anyone to date, near development of the Calculus, Quadrature of the parabola, and many more.